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Publisher and Series Editor: Joanne Maher
Senior Editor, Statistics: Philip McIntyre
Regional Editors: Iain Frame (Africa South of the Sahara); Imogen Gladman (Central and South-Eastern Europe); Dominic Heaney (Eastern Europe, Russia and Central Asia); Lynn Daniel (The Far East and Australasia); Christopher Matthews (The Middle East and North Africa); Jackie West (South America, Central America and the Caribbean); Neil Higgins (South Asia; The USA and Canada); Juliet Love (Western Europe)
International Organizations Editors: Helen Canton, Catriona Holman
Statistics Researchers: Abhinav Srivastava (Lead Researcher), Mohd Khalid Ansari (Senior Researcher), Charu Arora, Sasha Sadh, Akshay Sharma, Varun Wadhawan
Directory Researchers: Arijit Khasnobis (Lead Researcher), Rima Kar (Senior Researcher), Birendra Pratap Nayak (Senior Researcher), Thoithoi Pukhrambam (Senior Researcher), Esha Banerjee, Shubha Banerjee, Saurav Goswami, Surmeet Kaur, Tessy Margaret Rajappan, C. Sandhya, K. Nungshithoibi Singha
Contributing Editors: Robert J. Elster (Biographical Reference); Simon Chapman, Gareth Wyn Jones, Gareth Vaughan (Commodities)
Contributors: Christopher Bell, Rebecca Bomford, Lucy Dean, David Gruar, Kirstie Macdonald, Catriona Marcham, Katharine Murison, Jillian O’Brien, Elizabeth Salzman, Anna Thomas, Kristina Wishenkämper
Editorial Director, Europa Publications: Paul Kelly

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Home page image: Strasbourg, France: The European Parliament building in Strasbourg, interior; 1999; Paul O’Driscoll; copyright © BBC Photo Library

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Acknowledgements: Statistical Data

The editors gratefully acknowledge particular indebtedness for permission to reproduce material from the following sources: the United Nations’ statistical databases and Demographic Yearbook, Statistical Yearbook, Monthly Bulletin of Statistics, Industrial Commodity Statistics Yearbook and International Trade Statistics Yearbook; the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization’s Statistical Yearbook and Institute for Statistics database; the Human Development Report of the United Nations Development Programme; the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations’ statistical database; the statistical databases of the World Health Organization; the statistical databases of the UNCTAD/WTO International Trade Centre; the International Labour Office’s statistical database and Yearbook of Labour Statistics; the World Bank’s World Bank Atlas, Global Development Finance, World Development Report and World Development Indicators; the International Monetary Fund’s statistical database, International Financial Statistics and Government Finance Statistics Yearbook; the World Tourism Organization’s Compendium and Yearbook of Tourism Statistics; the US Geological Survey; the International Telecommunication Union; the International Road Federation’s World Road Statistics; IHS Fairplay’s World Fleet Statistics and The Military Balance 2011, a publication of the International Institute for Strategic Studies, Arundel House, 13–15 Arundel Street, London WC2R 3DX. Statistics Canada information is used with the permission of Statistics Canada. Users are forbidden to copy this material and/or redisseminate the data, in an original or modified form, for commercial purposes, without the expressed permission of Statistics Canada. Information on the availability of the wide range of data from Statistics Canada can be obtained from Statistics Canada’s Regional Offices, its website at www.statcan.ca, and its toll-free access number 1-800-263-1136.

Health and Welfare: Sources and Definitions

Total fertility rate: Source WHO Statistical Information System (part of the Global Health Observatory). The number of children that would be born per woman, assuming no female mortality at child-bearing ages and the age-specific fertility rates of a specified country and reference period.
Under-5 mortality rate: Source WHO Statistical Information System. Defined by WHO as the probability of a child born in a specific year or period dying before the age of five, if subject to the age-specific mortality rates of that year or period.
HIV/AIDS: Source UNAIDS. Estimated percentage of adults aged 15 to 49 years living with HIV/AIDS. < indicates ‘fewer than’.
Health expenditure: Source WHO Statistical Information System
US $ per head (PPP): International dollar estimates, derived by dividing local currency units by an estimate of their purchasing power parity (PPP) compared with the US dollar. PPPs are the rates of currency conversion that equalize the purchasing power of different currencies by eliminating the differences in price levels between countries.
% of GDP: GDP levels for OECD countries follow the most recent UN System of National Accounts. For non-OECD countries a value was estimated by utilizing existing UN, IMF and World Bank data.
Public expenditure: Government health-related outlays plus expenditure by social schemes compulsorily affiliated with a sizeable share of the population, and extrabudgetary funds allocated to health services. Figures include grants or loans provided by international agencies, other national authorities, and sometimes commercial banks.
Access to water and sanitation: Source WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme on Water Supply and Sanitation (JMP) (Progress on Drinking Water and Sanitation, 2010 Update). Defined in terms of the percentage of the population using improved facilities in terms of the type of technology and levels of service afforded. For water, this includes house connections, public standpipes, boreholes with handpumps, protected dug wells, protected spring and rainwater collection; allowance is also made for other locally defined technologies. Sanitation is defined to include connection to a sewer or septic tank system, pour-flush latrine, simple pit or ventilated improved pit latrine, again with allowance for acceptable local technologies. Access to water and sanitation does not imply that the level of service or quality of water is ‘adequate’ or ‘safe’.
Carbon dioxide emissions: Source World Bank, World Development Indicators database, citing the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (sponsored by the US Department of Energy). Emissions comprise those resulting from the burning of fossil fuels (including those produced during consumption of solid, liquid and gas fuels and from gas flaring) and from the manufacture of cement.
Human Development Index: Source UNDP, Human Development Report (2010). A summary of human development measured by three basic dimensions: prospects for a long and healthy life, measured by life expectancy at birth; knowledge, measured by adult literacy rate and a combination of mean years of schooling and expected years of schooling; and standard of living, measured by GNP per head (PPP US $). The index value obtained lies between zero and one. A value above 0.8 indicates high human development, between 0.5 and 0.8 medium human development, and below 0.5 low human development. A centralized data source for all three dimensions was not available for all countries. In some cases other data sources were used to calculate a substitute value; however, this was excluded from the ranking. Other countries, including non-UNDP members, were excluded from the HDI altogether. In total, 169 countries were ranked for 2010.

Europa World Plus contributors

Africa South of the Sahara
Central and South-Eastern Europe
Eastern Europe, Russia and Central Asia
The Far East and Australasia
The Middle East and North Africa
South America, Central America and the Caribbean
South Asia
The USA and Canada
Western Europe

Africa South of the Sahara

Alexander Abreu. PhD Candidate, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, United Kingdom, and Researcher, Centre for Geographical Studies, University of Lisbon, Portugal.
J. A. Allan. Professor of Geography, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, United Kingdom.
Kwesi Aning. Head, Conflict Prevention, Management and Resolution Department, Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre, Accra, Ghana.
Ike Anya. Specialist Registrar in Public Health Medicine, Bristol North Primary Care Trust, United Kingdom, and Lecturer at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom.
L. Berry. Former Professor of Geography, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
Emma Birikorang. Research Fellow, Conflict Prevention, Management and Resolution Department, Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre, Accra, Ghana.
E. A. Boateng. Environmental consultant and educationalist.
Richard A. Bradshaw. Professor of History, Centre College, Kentucky, USA.
Sir Mervyn Brown. Former British Ambassador to Madagascar. Member, Académie Malgache.
Richard Brown. Former Dean, School of African and Asian Studies, University of Sussex at Brighton, United Kingdom.
Greg Cameron. Professor of Political Science and Rural Studies, Nova Scotia Agricultural College, Canada.
Marisé Castro. Researcher, Amnesty International, International Secretariat, London, United Kingdom.
Christopher Clapham. Professor of Politics and International Relations, Centre of African Studies, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom, and Editor of the Journal of Modern African Studies.
Phil Clark. Lecturer in Comparative and International Politics, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, United Kingdom, and Advisory Board Member, Oxford Transitional Justice Research.
John I. Clarke. Professor of Geography, University of Durham, United Kingdom.
Walter S. Clarke. Senior Advisor for Civil-Military Co-operation, Global Center for Disaster Management and Humanitarian Action, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, USA.
Julian Cooke. Editor of the Anglo-Malagasy Society Newsletter.
Pierre Englebert. Associate Professor of Politics, Pomona College, Claremont, California, USA.
Juan Fandos-Rius. Encyclopaedist and historian of the Central African Republic.
Marek Garztecki. Writer specializing in African political and economic issues.
Edward George. Writer specializing in sub-Saharan African political and economic issues.
Marie Gibert. Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Department of International Relations, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa.
Patrick Gilkes. Writer on Africa for the BBC External Services.
Pierre Gourou. Late Professor of Geography, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium, and Collège de France, Paris, France.
R. J. Harrison Church. Late Professor of Geography, London School of Economics, United Kingdom.
David Hilling. Research adviser, University of Greenwich, United Kingdom.
Edith Hodgkinson. Writer specializing in the economies of developing countries.
Victoria Holligan. Economist specializing in sub-Saharan Africa and the global energy sector.
A. MacGregor Hutcheson. Lecturer in Geography, Aberdeen College of Education, United Kingdom.
Michael Jennings. Senior Lecturer in International Development, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, United Kingdom.
Warka Solomon Kahsay. Graduate student, Saint Francis Xavier University, Antogonish, Canada.
Zachary D. Kaufman. Adjunct Professor, Elliot School of International Affairs, George Washington University, USA.
George Kay. Head of the Department of Geography and Recreation Studies, Staffordshire University, United Kingdom.
B. W. Langlands. Late Professor of Geography, Makerere University College, Kampala, Uganda.
Bernard Lanne. Late Editor-in-Chief of La Documentation française, Paris, France.
Ernest Lartey. Research Associate, Conflict Prevention, Management and Resolution Department, Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre Accra, Ghana., Paris, France.
G. C. Last. Former Adviser, Ethiopian Ministry of Education and Fine Arts.
I. M. Lewis. Professor of Anthropology, London School of Economics and Political Science, United Kingdom.
Akin L. Mabogunje. Former Professor of Geography, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.
T. C. McCaskie. Lecturer in the Social History of West Africa in the Twentieth Century, Centre of West African Studies, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom.
Hugh Macmillan. Former Professor of History, University of Transkei, South Africa.
Paul Melly. Journalist specializing in francophone Africa and Associate Fellow of the Africa Programme at the Royal Institute of International Affairs (Chatham House), United Kingdom.
Peter K. Mitchell. Honorary Senior Research Fellow, Centre of West African Studies, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom.
W. T. W. Morgan. Senior Lecturer, Department of Geography, University of Durham, United Kingdom.
Gregory Mthembu-Salter. Writer specializing in the political and economic affairs of African countries.
Katharine Murison. Editor of Africa South of the Sahara, 2001–04.
Thomas Ofcansky. Writer specializing in African political and economic issues.
Quentin Outram. Senior Lecturer in Economics, Leeds University Business School, University of Leeds, United Kingdom.
René Pélissier. Author specializing in contemporary Spanish-speaking and Portuguese-speaking Africa.
Bhairav Raja. International development consultant specializing in African and Latin American political and economic issues.
Alan Rake. Former Managing Editor of African Business and New African magazines, London, United Kingdom.
Sarah Rich Dorman. Lecturer in African and International Politics, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Christopher Saunders. Department of Historical Studies, University of Cape Town, South Africa.
Gerhard Seibert. Researcher, Centro de Estudos Africanos e Asiáticos/ISCTE—IUL, Lisbon, Portugal.
Miles Smith-Morris. Writer specializing in developing countries.
Ana Naomi de Sousa. Journalist and writer specializing in lusophone and sub-Saharan African countries.
Donald L. Sparks. Professor of International Economics, The Citadel, Charleston, South Carolina, USA, and Visiting Professor of Economics, Innsbruck Summer Program, Austria.
Richard Synge. Writer and journalist specializing in African political and economic issues and Editor of Global (www.global-briefing.org).
Ian Taylor. Professor of International Relations, University of St Andrews, United Kingdom.
Senait Woldu Tesfamichael. PhD candidate, University of California, USA.
Virginia Thompson. Writer specializing in francophone Africa.
Olalekan A. Uthman. Research Fellow, Public Health, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom.
Charlotte Vaillant. Economist specializing in francophone Africa.
Linda Van Buren. Writer specializing in the business and economic affairs of African countries.
Sarah Vaughan. Honorary Fellow, School of Social and Political Studies, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Manickam Venkataraman. Associate Professor of Political Science and International Relations, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia.
Geoffrey J. Williams. Former Professor of Geography, University of Zambia.
Paul D. Williams. Associate Professor, Elliot School of International Affairs, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
Peter Woodward. Professor of Politics, University of Reading, United Kingdom.
Duncan Woodside. Journalist and analyst specializing in economics and conflict in the Great Lakes of Africa.
Ralph Young. Senior Lecturer, Department of Government, University of Manchester, United Kingdom.

Central and South-Eastern Europe

Othon Anastasakis. St Antony’s College, University of Oxford, United Kingdom.
Daunis Auers. University of Latvia, Rīga, Latvia.
Susan Baker. Professor of Environmental Social Sciences, Cardiff University, United Kingdom.
Will Bartlett. London School of Economics and Political Science, University of London, United Kingdom.
Miroslav Beblavý. Centre for European Policy Studies, Brussels, Belgium.
Dimitar Bechev. European Council on Foreign Relations, Sofia, Bulgaria.
Florian Bieber. University of Kent, United Kingdom.
Keith S. Brown. Watson Institute, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
Cathie Carmichael. University of East Anglia, United Kingdom.
Lubomir Christov. Economist and former Executive Director for Bulgaria at the World Bank.
Terry Cox. University of Glasgow, United Kingdom.
Richard J. Crampton. Emeritus Fellow of St Edmund Hall, University of Oxford, United Kingdom.
Nevenka Čučković. IMO—Institute for International Relations, Zagreb, Croatia.
David A. Dyker. Professor at the University of Sussex, United Kingdom.
Magnus Feldmann. University of Bristol, United Kingdom.
Tom Gallagher. Professor at the University of Bradford, United Kingdom.
Kęstutis Girnius. Vilnius University, Lithuania.
Marko Attila Hoare. University of Kingston, United Kingdom.
Camilla Jensen. University of Nottingham, United Kingdom.
Ana C. Juncos. University of Bristol, United Kingdom.
Andres Kasekamp. Professor at the University of Tartu, Estonia.
Michael Kaser. Emeritus Reader in Economics and Emeritus Fellow of St Antony’s College, University of Oxford, United Kingdom.
Noémi Lendvai. University of Bristol, United Kingdom.
Jeffrey Miller. University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA.
Vassilis Monastiriotis. London School of Economics and Political Science, University of London, United Kingdom.
Martin Myant. University of the West of Scotland, United Kingdom.
David Norris. University of Nottingham, United Kingdom.
Peter Palmer. Political analyst and writer.
Anita Prażmowska. London School of Economics and Political Science, University of London, United Kingdom.
Andrew Ryder. University of Portsmouth, United Kingdom.
Alan Smith. Emeritus Professor of Social Sciences, UCL, University of London, United Kingdom.
Enkeleida Tahiraj. London School of Economics and Political Science, University of London, United Kingdom.
Marcus Tanner. Journalist and author.
Susannah Verney. University of Athens, Greece.
Marcela Veselkova. Centre for European Policy Studies, Brussels, Belgium.
Miranda Vickers. Political analyst specializing in Albanian affairs.
Valentina Vučković. IMO—Institute for International Relations, Zagreb, Croatia.
Gordon Wightman. University of Liverpool, United Kingdom.
Sappho Xenakis. Hellenic Foundation for European and Foreign Policy, Athens, Greece.

Eastern Europe, Russia and Central Asia

Shirin Akiner. School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London and Associate Fellow, Chatham House (Royal Institute of International Affairs), London, United Kingdom.
Luca Anceschi. La Trobe University, Australia.
John Anderson. University of St Andrews, United Kingdom.
Anders Äslund. Senior Fellow, Peterson Institute for International Economics, Washington, DC, USA.
Annette Bohr. Chatham House (Royal Institute of International Affairs), London, United Kingdom.
Tamara Dragadze. Writer and specialist on the former Soviet Union.
Jane Falkingham. Director of the Economic and Social Research Council Centre for Population Change, Professor of Demography and International Social Policy at University of Southampton, United Kingdom.
Matteo Fumagalli. Central European University, Budapest, Hungary.
Reuel R. Hanks. Oklahoma State University, USA.
Philip Hanson. Emeritus Professor at University of Birmingham and Associate Fellow of the Russia and Eurasia Programme, Chatham House (Royal Institute of International Affairs), London, United Kingdom.
Edmund Herzig. University of Oxford, United Kingdom.
Michael Kaser. Emeritus Reader in Economics and Emeritus Fellow of St Antony’s College, University of Oxford, United Kingdom.
Onnik Krikorian. Journalist specializing in the South Caucasus.
Taras Kuzio. Writer, analyst, and consultant specializing in contemporary Ukrainian political, economic and security affairs.
Eric Lepisto. Anthropologist specializing in socio-political transformations in the former Soviet Union.
Neil Melvin. Director of the Armed Conflict and Conflict Management Programme, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, Sweden.
Vladimer Papava. Georgian Foundation for Strategic and International Studies, Tbilisi, Georgia.
Michael Rasell. University of Lincoln, United Kingdom.
Steven D. Roper. Eastern Illinois University, Charleston, IL, USA.
Angus Roxburgh. Journalist, broadcaster and author.
Andrew Ryder. University of Portsmouth, United Kingdom.
Natalia Shapovalova. Fundación para las Relaciones Internacionales y el Diáloga Exterior, Madrid, Spain.
Alexander Sodiqov. Political analyst.
George Tarkhan-Mouravi. Co-director, Institute for Policy Studies, Tbilisi, Georgia.
Michael Tokmazishvili. Senior researcher, Foundation CASE-Transcaucasia, Tbilisi, Georgia.
Kai Wegerich. International Water Management Institute, Tashkent, Uzbekistan.
Toby Wight. Specialist in banking and economic development in Azerbaijan and the CIS.
Kenneth Wilson. Department of Political Science and Diplomacy, Dongguk University, Republic of Korea.
Andrew Yorke. Political and economic analyst.

The Far East and Australasia

Tilak Abeysinghe. Associate Professor, Singapore Centre for Applied and Policy Economics, Department of Economics, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
Rokiah Alavi. Associate Professor and Head, Department of Economics, International Islamic University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Bryant J. Allen. Visiting Fellow, State Society & Governance in Melanesia Program, School of International, Political and Strategic Studies, College of Asia and the Pacific, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.
Donna Amoroso. Late Associate Professor of Southeast Asian Studies, National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies, Tokyo, Japan.
Robert F. Ash. Professor, Department of Economics, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, United Kingdom.
Michael D. Barr. Senior Lecturer, Department of International Relations, School of Political and International Studies, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia.
Mark Beeson. Winthrop Professor in Political Science and International Relations, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia.
Volker Boege. Visiting Fellow, Australian Centre of Peace and Conflict Studies, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
Shaun Breslin. Professor, Department of Politics and International Studies, University of Warwick, Warwick, United Kingdom.
M. Anne Brown. Senior Research Fellow, Australian Centre of Peace and Conflict Studies, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
Ian Brown. Professor of the Economic History of South East Asia, Department of History, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, United Kingdom.
Kerry Brown. Senior Fellow, Royal Institute of International Affairs, Chatham House, London, United Kingdom.
Jenny J. Bryant. Former Reader, Geography Department, University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji.
Ian Campbell. Former Professor, School of Social Sciences, University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji.
William F. Case. Professor and Acting Head, Southeast Asia Research Centre, Department of Asian and International Studies, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
Kenneth Christie. Professor and Head of Program, School of Peace and Conflict Management, Royal Roads University, Victoria, Canada.
Joseph S. Chung. Professor Emeritus of Economics, Stuart School of Business, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, USA.
Lesley Connors. Former Lecturer, Department of Political Studies, School of Oriental and African Studies, London, United Kingdom.
Robert Cribb. Professor, School of Culture, History and Language, College of Asia and the Pacific, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.
Harvey Demaine. Former Associate Professor of Regional, Rural and Agricultural Development Planning, Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok, Thailand.
Chris Dixon. Professor of International Development, Global Policy Institute, London Metropolitan University, London, United Kingdom.
Jörn Dosch. Professor of Asia Pacific Studies, Department of East Asian Studies, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.
Chris Edwards. Former Senior Lecturer, School of Development Studies, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom.
Greg Fealy. Fellow and Senior Lecturer in Indonesian Politics, Associate Dean for Higher Degree Research, Department of Political and Social Change, School of International, Political and Strategic Studies, College of Asia and the Pacific, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.
Stewart Firth. Visiting Fellow, School of International, Political and Stratecic Studies, College of Asia and the Pacific, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.
C. P. Fitzgerald. Late Emeritus Professor, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.
Aidan Foster-Carter. Honorary Senior Research Fellow in Sociology and Modern Korea, University of Leeds, United Kingdom.
Michael Freeberne. Former Lecturer in Geography, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, United Kingdom.
Nick Freeman. Former Senior Fellow, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore.
Volker Grabowsky. Professor, Asia-Africa Institute, University of Hamburg, Germany.
Jeanine Graham. Former Senior Lecturer in History, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand.
Geoffrey C. Gunn. Professor, Faculty of Economics, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.
Lok Sang Ho. Professor of Economics, Centre for Public Policy Studies, Lingnan University, Hong Kong.
James E. Hoare. Former Research Analyst, Foreign and Commonwealth Office, London, United Kingdom.
Sarwar O. H. Hobohm. Former Senior Economist/Editor, Asia-Pacific, Country Analysis and Forecasting Division, The Economist Intelligence Unit, London, United Kingdom.
Edith Hodgkinson. Economic journalist specializing in developing countries, London, United Kingdom.
A. V. M. Horton. Former Honorary Fellow of the Centre for South-East Asian Studies, University of Hull, and Specialist in Brunei History, United Kingdom.
Kenneth E. Jackson. Associate Professor and Director, Centre for Development Studies, Anthropology Department, University of Auckland, New Zealand.
T. K. Jayaraman. Associate Professor, School of Economics, Faculty of Business and Economics, University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji.
Patrick Jory. Former Lecturer, Regional Studies Program, Institute of Liberal Arts, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand.
Frank H. H. King. Former Professor of Economic History, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
Roger Lawrey. Associate Professor and Deputy Dean, Faculty of Business, Economics and Policy Studies, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Brunei.
Suiwah Leung. Adjunct Associate Professor of Economics and Finance, Crawford School of Economics and Government, College of Asia and the Pacific, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.
Stuart Macintyre. Professor and Dean of the Faculty of Arts, School of Historical Studies, University of Melbourne, Australia.
Stephen McCarthy. Research Fellow, Griffith Asia Institute, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia.
A. E. McQueen. Former Assistant General Manager, New Zealand Government Railways, New Zealand.
Ruth McVey. Emeritus Reader in Politics with reference to South-East Asia, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, United Kingdom.
N. J. Miners. Former Reader in Political Science, Department of Politics and Public Administration, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
Andrew C. Nahm. Former Professor Emeritus of History and Consultant to the Office of International Education and Programs, Western Michigan University, USA.
Bhanupong Nidhiprabha. Associate Professor, Faculty of Economics, Thammasat University, Pathumthani, Thailand.
Anna Nolan. Research Officer, Australian Centre of Peace and Conflict Studies, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
Neville Norman. Professor, Department of Economics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
Sorpong Peou. Professor and Chair of the Department of Politics, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Canada.
Michael Pinches. Associate Professor and Chair, Discipline of Anthropology and Sociology, School of Social and Cultural Studies, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia.
J. W. Rowe. Former Director-General, New Zealand Employers’ Federation, New Zealand.
Jirawat Saengthong. Specialist in Thai Social History, Institute of Liberal Arts, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand.
Alan J. K. Sanders. Former Lecturer in Mongolian Studies, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, United Kingdom.
John Sargent. Former Reader in Geography, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, United Kingdom.
Josef Silverstein. Former Professor Emeritus of Political Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, USA.
Michael Smitka. Professor of Economics and Acting Director, Williams School of Commerce, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Virginia, USA.
Sok Hach. Director, Economic Institute of Cambodia, Phnom-Penh, Cambodia.
Ross Steele. Former Lecturer and Director, Graduate Program in Population and Human Resources, School of Geography, Population and Environmental Management, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia.
Richard Storry. Late Director of the Far East Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Martin Stuart-Fox. Former Professor and Head of Department, Department of History, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
Laura Summers. Former Lecturer, Department of Politics and Asian Studies, University of Hull, United Kingdom.
Robert Sutter. Professor of Practice of International Affairs, The Elliott School of International Affairs, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
Andrew T. H. Tan. Associate Professor and Convenor for International Studies, School of Social Science and International Studies, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
James Tang. Dean of the School of Social Sciences, Singapore Management University, Singapore.
John Taylor. Professor and Course Director of Development Studies, London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom.
Htwe Htwe Thein. Senior Lecturer in International Business Studies, School of Management, Curtin Business School, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Australia.
C. M. Turnbull. Honorary Research Fellow, Centre for Asian Studies, and Former Professor of History, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
David A. K. Watters. Professor, Department of Surgery, Geelong Hospital, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.
Michael Yahuda. Former Visiting Scholar, Sigur Center, Elliott School of International Relations, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
Akira Yamazaki. Former Editorial Writer, Nihon Keizai Shimbun (Japan Economic Journal), Tokyo, Japan.

The Middle East and North Africa

Ahmed Aghrout. Research Fellow, Faculty of Humanities, Languages and Social Sciences, University of Salford, United Kingdom.
Liam Anderson. Associate Professor of Political Science, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, USA.
David Barchard. Department of Communications, Fine Arts Faculty, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey.
Simon Chapman. Editor of The Middle East and North Africa, 1989–97.
Charles Charalambous. Business and communications consultant, and corporate finance transactor; formerly Financial Correspondent, Cyprus Mail.
Richard German. Writer and researcher on international political and economic affairs.
Gareth Jenkins. Non-resident Senior Fellow with the Silk Road Studies Program, based in İstanbul, Turkey.
George Joffé. Lecturer on the Middle East and North Africa, Department of Politics and International Studies, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom, and former deputy director of the Royal Institute of International Affairs (Chatham House), London, United Kingdom.
Kimberly Jones. Associate Director of the International Affairs Program and Faculty Associate, Middle East Center for Peace, Culture and Development, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Nur Masalha. Professor of Religion and Politics, and Director of the Centre for Religion and History, School of Theology, Philosophy and History, St Mary’s University College, Twickenham, United Kingdom.
Philip McCrum. Analyst of the political and economic affairs of the Middle East, and Editorial Director, Continental Europe, Middle East and Africa, The Economist Group, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
Iddo Nevo. Department of Political Science, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel.
Gerd Nonneman. Dean and Professor of International Politics and Gulf Studies, Georgetown University School of Foreign Service in Qatar, and Associate Fellow of the Middle East & North Africa Programme, Royal Institute of International Affairs (Chatham House), London, United Kingdom.
James Onley. Director of the Centre for Gulf Studies, Senior Lecturer in Middle Eastern History, Institute of Arab and Islamic Studies, University of Exeter, United Kingdom, and Editor of the Journal of Arabian Studies (Routledge).
Nigel Parsons Senior Lecturer, Politics Programme, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
Christopher Phillips Deputy Editor/Economist, Economist Intelligence Unit, London, United Kingdom.
Gideon Rahat. Associate Professor in Political Science, Department of Political Science, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel.
Jalil Roshandel Associate Professor and Director of Security Studies, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA.
Jonathan Rynhold. Research Associate at the Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies and Senior Lecturer in Political Science, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel.
Adham Saouli. Lecturer in Politics and International Relations, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Moin Siddiqi. Independent economist specializing in macroeconomic developments and the banking sector in the Middle East and Africa; also advises on trends in petroleum markets.
Aurora Sottimano. Researcher specializing in the politics of the Middle East (in particular Syria and the Gulf region), and Fellow of the Centre for Syrian Studies, University of St Andrews, United Kingdom.
James Spencer. Independent researcher and strategic analyst on political, security and trade issues of the Middle East and North Africa, and a specialist on Yemen. Jonathan Spyer. Senior Research Fellow at the Global Research in International Affairs (Gloria) Center, Interdisciplinary Center, Herzliya, Israel.
Denis J. Sullivan. Professor of Political Science, Director of the International Affairs Program, and Director of Middle East Studies, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Elizabeth Taylor. Writer and researcher on international political and economic affairs.
Mehmet Uğur. Jean Monnet Reader in Political Economy, University of Greenwich Business School, London, United Kingdom.
Ruth Winstone. Freelance researcher, editor and writer, and former specialist at the International Affairs and Defence Section, House of Commons Library, London, United Kingdom.
James H. Wyllie. Reader in International Relations, School of Social Science, King's College, University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom.
Yahia Zoubir Professor of International Studies, EUROMED MANAGEMENT, Marseille School of Mangement, France.

South America, Central America and the Caribbean

Charles Arthur. Freelance journalist specializing in Caribbean politics and economics.
Dr Ame Bergés. Lecturer in Latin American Economics at the Latin American Centre, University of Oxford, United Kingdom.
Dr Ed Brown. Lecturer in Human Geography at the University of Loughborough, United Kingdom.
Dr Julia Buxton. Senior Research Fellow at the Centre for Co-operation and Security, Department of Peace Studies at the University of Bradford, United Kingdom.
Jessica Byron. Senior Lecturer in the Department of Government at the University of the West Indies, Mona Campus, Kingston, Jamaica.
Prof. Peter A. R. Calvert. Emeritus Professor of Comparative and International Politics at the University of Southampton, United Kingdom.
Prof. M. Jahi Chappell. Assistant Professor of Environmental Science and Justice at Washington State University Vancouver, Vancouver, WA, USA.
Dr Peter Clegg. Senior Lecturer in the Department of History, Philosophy and Politics at the University of the West of England, Bristol, United Kingdom.
John Crabtree. Research Associate at the Latin American Centre at the University of Oxford, United Kingdom.
Prof. David Fleischer. Professor of Political Science at the University of Brasília, Brazil.
Lila Haines. Economic historian specializing in the Cuban economy, currently working for a major international development organization.
Annette Hester. Senior Associate (non-resident) of the William E. Simon Chair in Political Economy at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, Washington, DC, USA.
Dr Gareth A. Jones. Senior Lecturer in Developmental Geography at the London School of Economics and Political Science, London, United Kingdom.
Prof. Antoni Kapcia. Professor of Latin American History and Director of the Centre for Research on Cuba at the University of Nottingham, United Kingdom.
Prof. Colin M. Lewis. Senior Lecturer in Latin American Economic History at the London School of Economics and Political Science, London, United Kingdom.
James McDonough. Editor and Publisher at EPIN Publishing, including The Puerto Rico Report newsletter.
Dr Cathy McIlwaine. Reader in Geography in the Department of Geography at Queen Mary, University of London, United Kingdom.
Dr Fiona Macaulay. Lecturer in Development Studies at the Department of Peace Studies at the University of Bradford, United Kingdom.
Sandy Markwick. Writer and researcher specializing in Latin American affairs.
James R. Moore. Postgraduate student in Agroecology and Environmental Science specializing in food justice at Washington State University Vancouver, Vancouver, WA, USA.
Sir Keith Morris. Former British Ambassador to Colombia.
Katharine Murison. Freelance writer and researcher specializing in Latin American and African affairs.
Pablo Navarrete. Freelance writer and researcher on Latin America.
Thomas Andrew O’Keefe. President, Mercosur Consulting Group Ltd, Washington, DC, USA.
Dr Francisco Panizza. Senior Lecturer in Latin American Politics at the London School of Economics and Political Science, United Kingdom.
Daniel Sachs. Political Analyst for Control Risks, London, United Kingdom, specializing in Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean.
Diego Sánchez-Ancochea. Lecturer in the Political Economy of Latin America at the University of Oxford, United Kingdom.
Helen Schooley. Writer specializing in Latin American affairs.
Heidi N. Sears. Alumna of the Urban Ecosystems and Agroecology Laboratory at Washington State University Vancouver, Vancouver, WA, USA.
Jeremy Thorp. Former British Ambassador to Colombia.
Nicholas Watson. Head of the Americas desk at Control Risks, London, United Kingdom.
Phillip Wearne. Writer and researcher specializing in Latin American affairs.
Prof. Sidney Weintraub. Holder of the William E. Simon Chair in Political Economy at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, Washington, DC, USA.
Mark Wilson. Writer and researcher specializing in Caribbean affairs.

South Asia

Asoka Bandarage. Affiliated Associate Professor, Public Policy Institute, Georgetown University, USA.
Lok Raj Baral. Former Professor, Department of Political Science, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal.
Sanjaya Baru. Editor, Business Standard, New Delhi, India.
T. Louise Brown. Former Lecturer in Asian Studies, The Japan Centre, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom.
Rudra Chaudhuri. Lecturer, Department of War Studies, King's College, London, United Kingdom.
Gouranga Lal Dasvarma. Associate Professor and Director, Graduate Program in Applied Population Studies, Department of Geography, Population and Environmental Management, School of the Environment, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia.
Sir Martin Ewans. Former Head of Chancery, British Embassy, Afghanistan, writer on Afghanistan affairs, London, United Kingdom.
B. H. Farmer. Late former Director, Centre of South Asian Studies, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom.
W. B. Fisher. Late Professor of Geography, University of Durham,United Kingdom.
Nick Freeman. Independent economic development consultant, based in Viet Nam.
Rajat Ganguly. Senior Lecturer and Academic Chair in Security, Terrorism and Counterterrorism Studies, School of Social Sciences and Humanities, Murdoch University, Australia.
Michael Gillan. Lecturer, UWA Business School, University of Western Australia, Western Australia.
Ayesha Jalal. Mary Richardson Professor of History, and Director, Center for South Asian and Indian Ocean Studies, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, USA.
Santosh Jatrana. Senior Research Fellow, Department of Public Health, Wellington School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand.
A. R. Kemal. Late former Professor of Economics, Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
Mushtaq H. Khan. Professor of Economics, Department of Economics, Faculty of Law and Social Sciences, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, United Kingdom.
Iftikhar Malik. Senior Lecturer in History, Bath Spa University, United Kingdom.
Peter Marsden. Writer and specialist on Afghanistan, London, United Kingdom.
Matthew McCartney. Lecturer in Economics (South Asia), Department of Economics, Faculty of Law and Social Sciences, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, United Kingdom.
Allister McGregor. Research Fellow, Institute of Development Studies, Brighton, United Kingdom.
Kenneth McPherson. Late Fellow, South Asia Institute, University of Heidelberg, Germany, Adjunct Professor, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia, and Research Associate, Asia Research Centre, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia.
Brigita Molnarova. Research scholar and writer on South Asian studies, London, United Kingdom.
Geoffrey Parrinder. Late Emeritus Professor of the Comparative Study of Religions, University of London, United Kingdom.
G. H. Peiris. Former Senior Professor, Department of Geography, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.
Gareth Price. Senior Research Fellow, Chatham House, London, United Kingdom.
David Rampton. Senior Teaching Fellow, Department of Development Studies and the Centre for International Studies and Diplomacy, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, United Kingdom.
Ali Riaz. Professor and Chair of Politics and Government, Illinois State University, USA, and Editor, Studies on Asia
Peter Robb. Research Professor of the History of India, School of African and Oriental Studies, University of London, United Kingdom.
S. W. R. de A. Samarasinghe. Executive Chairman, Global VisionCentre for Knowledge Advancement, Kandy, Sri Lanka, and Adjunct Professor, Payson Center for International Development, Tulane University of Louisiana, New Orleans, USA.
Brian Shaw. Honorary Research Fellow, Centre of Asian Studies, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
Kingsley M. de Silva. Former Chairman, International Centre for Ethnic Studies, Kandy, Sri Lanka, and Professor Emeritus, Department of History, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.
Clemens Spiess. Head Representative, AWO International Kathmandu, Nepal, and Lecturer, Department of Political Science, South Asia Institute, University of Heidelberg, Germany.
David Taylor. Former Vice Provost (Academic Development and Special Projects), Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan, and Senior Research Fellow, Institute of Commonwealth Studies, University of London, United Kingdom.
Achin Vanaik. Professor of International Relations and Global Politics, Department of Political Science, University of Delhi, India.
Marika Vicziany. Director, Monash Asia Institute and National Centre for South Asian Studies, Monash University, Australia.

The USA and Canada

Nigel F. B. Allington. Fellow and Director of Studies in Economics, Downing College, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom, Fellow, Cambridge Centre for Economic and Public Policy Research, United Kingdom, and Research Professor of Applied Macroeconomics, Ecole de Management, Grenoble, France.
Theodore R. Alter. Professor of Agricultural, Environmental and Regional Economics, and Co-Director of the Center for Economic and Community Development, Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology, the Pennsylvania State University, USA, Adjunct Research Fellow, School of Law, University of New England, Australia.
Christopher J. Bailey. Professor of American Politics at the University of Keele, United Kingdom.
Kevin Barnhurst. Professor and Director of Graduate Studies at the Department of Communication, University of Illinois at Chicago, USA.
Robert D. Bott. Writer and consultant in Calgary, Alberta, Canada, specializing in forestry and energy issues.
Mark R. Brawley. Professor in the Department of Political Science at McGill University, Montréal, Canada.
Keith Brownsey. Associate Professor at Mount Royal University, Alberta, Canada.
P. W. Daniels. Former Professor of Geography in the School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham.
Claude Denis. Professor in the School of Political Studies at the University of Ottawa, Canada.
David Hastings Dunn. Reader in International Studies in the Department of Political Science and International Studies at the University of Birmingham, United Kingdom.
John W. Foster. Research Associate at the North-South Institute, Ottawa, Canada, Canada Instructor in Globalization and Human Rights at Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada, and in the Foundations of Human Rights at the University of Regina, Canada.
Martin Griffiths. Associate Professor of International Relations in the Department of International Business and Asian Studies at Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia.
Milton C. Hallberg. Professor Emeritus of Agricultural Economics at the Pennsylvania State University, USA.
Alan Hallsworth. Professor Emeritus of Geography at Staffordshire University, and Visiting Researcher, Portsmouth Business School at the University of Portsmouth.
Athanasios Hristoulas. Professor of International Relations at the Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México, Mexico.
John Kramer. Professor of Sociology in the Department of Sociology at the Pennsylvania State University, USA.
Trevor McCrisken. Associate Professor in US Politics and International Studies at the University of Warwick, United Kingdom.
David McKay. Professor of Government at the University of Essex, United Kingdom.
Sandy Markwick. Writer and researcher specializing in North and South American affairs.
Geoffrey Mercer. Former reader in the School of Sociology and Social Policy at the University of Leeds, United Kingdom.
John Nerone. Professor of Communications, Media and Cinema Studies at the College of Media, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA.
Calum Paton. Professor of Public Policy in the School of Public Policy and Professional Practice at the University of Keele, United Kingdom.
Gillian Peele. Fellow and Tutor in Politics at Lady Margaret Hall, University of Oxford, United Kingdom.
David Robertson. Professor and Director of Undergraduate Studies in the Department of Politics and International Relations at the University of Oxford, United Kingdom, and Official Fellow at St Hugh's College, University of Oxford, United Kingdom.
Duncan Wood. Professor and Director of the Undergraduate Program in International Relations, Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México, Mexico.

Western Europe

Matthew M. C. Allen. Senior Lecturer in Organization Studies, Manchester Business School, University of Manchester, United Kingdom.
Bernhard Altermatt. Senior Lecturer and Researcher, Centre for European Studies, University of Fribourg-Freiburg, Switzerland.
Clive Archer. Emeritus Professor, Department of Politics and Philosophy, Manchester Metropolitan University, United Kingdom.
David Arter. Professor of Political Science, Department of Politics and International Relations, University of Tampere, Finland.
Eduard Berenguer. Professor of Economics, University of Barcelona, Spain.
Lino Briguglio. Professor of Economics, University of Malta, Malta.
Giovanni Caggiano. Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, University of Padua, Italy.
Peter Calvert. Emeritus Professor of Comparative and International Politics, University of Southampton, United Kingdom.
Günther K. Chaloupek. Director of Economic Policy Section, Austrian Chamber of Labour, Vienna, Austria.
Jacob Christensen. Associate Professor, Department of Political Science, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
Clive H. Church. Emeritus Professor of European Studies, University of Kent, United Kingdom.
Gordon Cordina. Head of Department, Department of Economics, University of Malta, Malta.
Mark Donovan. Senior Lecturer in Politics, School of European Studies, Cardiff University, United Kingdom.
Richard Gillespie. Professor of Politics, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom.
David H. Gowland. Specialist in economic policy and financial economics, United Kingdom.
Frøy Gudbrandsen. Researcher, Department of Comparative Politics, University of Bergen, Norway.
Derek Hearl. Emeritus Assistant Professor, Department of International Relations, Eastern Mediterranean University, ‘Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus’.
H. A. Hellyer. Fellow, Centre for Ethnic Relations, University of Warwick, United Kingdom, and Director, Visionary Consultants Group.
John J. Horton. Honorary Research Fellow in Peace Studies, University of Bradford, United Kingdom.
David Howarth. Jean Monnet Senior Lecturer, Politics and International Relations, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Elisabeth Ivarsflaten. Associate Professor, Department of Comparative Politics, University of Bergen, Norway.
Lauri Kajanoja. Principal Adviser, Bank of Finland, Finland.
Andrew Knapp. Professor of French Politics and Contemporary History, University of Reading, United Kingdom.
Stewart Lloyd-Jones. Director of the Contemporary Portuguese Politics and History Research Centre, member of the editorial board of the Portuguese Studies Review, and Editorial Consultant of the Portuguese Journal of Social Science, Instituto Superior de Ciencias do Trabalho e da Empresa, Lisbon, Portugal.
Kurt Richard Luther. Professor of Comparative Politics, Keele University, United Kingdom, and Visiting Professor, University of Vienna, Austria.
Adrian McDonald. Professor of Environmental Management, Environmental Faculty, University of Leeds, and Director, Centre for Research into Environment and Health, United Kingdom.
Tommy Mouml;ller. Professor of Political Science, Stockholm University, Sweden.
Anthony Mughan. Professor of Political Science, and Director, International Studies, Ohio State University, USA.
Gerard O’Dwyer. Financial markets and economics journalist, based in Helsinki, Finland.
Manuel Palazuelos-Martinez. Economic Analyst, European Commission, Brussels, Belgium.
William E. Paterson. Honorary Professor for European and German Politics, Aston Centre for Europe, Aston University, United Kingdom.
Torben Mark Pedersen. Chief Analyst, Danish Chamber of Commerce, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Godfrey A. Pirotta. Professor of Government and Policy Studies, and Director, Institute of Public Administration and Management, University of Malta, Malta.
Lise Sand. Economist, Confederation of Danish Industries, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Julie Smith. Senior Lecturer, International Relations, Cambridge University, and Fellow in Politics, Robinson College, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Martin Smith. Professor of Politics, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom.
Sigurður Snævarr. Economist, Iceland.
Paul Statham. Professor of Political Sociology, Centre for Ethnicity and Citizenship, University of Bristol, United Kingdom.
Stephen Syrett. Professor of Local Economic Development, Centre for Enterprise and Economic Development Research, Middlesex University, United Kingdom.
Ben Tonra. Jean Monnet Professor of European Foreign Security and Defence Policy, and Director of the Graduate School, College of Human Sciences, University College Dublin, Ireland.
Steven B. Wolinetz. Honorary Research Professor.
Fabian Zuleeg. Chief Economist, European Policy Centre, Brussels, Belgium.